In other words, modes cannot come to be by themselves, and thus, their natures derive from a series of causes that ultimately leads back to the attribute of God from which they arose. Respect your peers and dont do what you dont want for yourself. In other words, joy is an external idea that causes people to be at a greater level of activity since it affects the mind by amplifying happiness, which, in turn, necessarily affects the body in a pleasurable way. 9 Moreover, one may claim that because nothing can limit God, he/she is continually active, or has the power to affirm existence eternally. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. Furthermore, Spinoza believes that God is not free in the ordinary sense of the word, but rather an uncompelled being who cannot defy his/her set nature. Ethics. 103 To Spinoza, it is impossible for God to slip into a lesser degree of perfection, not only because he/she is permanently unchanging, but also because he/she is limitless, and thus, what affects his/her limited modes, cannot affect him/her. 69 That is, as extended modes of God, it is innate of bodies to strive to continue to exist since they derive from his/her active physicality. In the attenuated and metaphorical sense that God can be said to love, God loves every single creation equally, i.e. Afterward, there were demonstrations on how God cannot be the cause of sadness, and rather that sadness derives from peoples lack of knowledge of what has led them to feel saddened. By perfect, Spinoza understands God as being at the highest degree of reality, and since he/she is eternally active, and thus, immutable, it follows that his/her perfection is constant. . His philosophy was one of the major influences on Kant. And he gives us the historical context of Dutch Golden Age politics and culture, which usually allowed the tolerant cosmopolitanism of its merchant class to prevail over clerical indignation. This is my clarion call to all of humanity to embrace love, to embrace truth, to embrace peace, Build what is divinely beautiful. He endorses a strong form of necessitarianism in which everything is categorically necessary opposed to the weaker form of conditional necessity embraced by most compatibilists, and he contends that there is no room in such a world for divine or creaturely free will. Thus, Spinoza is a free will skeptic. I do not think it necessary for salvation to know Christ according to the flesh : but with regard to the Eternal Son of God, that is the Eternal Wisdom of God, which has manifested itself in all things and especially in the human mind, and above all in Christ Jesus, the case is far otherwise. WebSpinoza is often put forward as the father of pantheism and as the greatest pantheist, but in fact his writings on God are extremely abstract and theoretical, very unappealing to a modern scientific viewpoint. 85 Those external ideas Spinoza calls affects and since they do not arise from peoples ability to conceive ideas, it follows that they have an inadequate knowledge of them. According to Spinoza, people innately desire or have appetites for that which they find to be agreeable to who they understand themselves to be. In other words, external ideas that can act upon people, do not directly derive from them, but are compatible with their minds, since, as ideas, they are of the same nature as their immaterial minds. Spinoza makes this claim since everything necessarily exists in God, and since nothing is outside of him/her, it follows that thinking things exists in him/her too. What kind of god would do that? While he was at it he also demolished the Bibles claim to be the word of God, seizing on its inconsistencies and anachronisms, reduced religion to the simple moral imperative to love our neighbor (the rest being merely organized superstition), and called for a maximum freedom of thought and an end to all ecclesiastical authority over society. Conclusion Moreover, God possesses the attribute of extension, since as Nature, he/she is physically infinite, and since all attributes are infinite, it follows that only a being of equal magnitude can possess the attribute of extension. God would have said: Stop praying and punching yourself in the chest! 58 Consequently, Spinoza ultimately denies that the mind can possess various attributes, but rather it features active abilities to conceive ideas and passive powers to take them in. Our recommendations on other constructive news sites. Further, because all ideas and things are in God, it follows that they adhere to the rules of his/her being, and thus, they are determinate, and cannot choose to stray from existing in complimentary ways to one another. Things could not have been brought into being by God in any manner or in any order different from that which has in fact obtained. Shelley channeled him in his own arguments for atheism, George Eliot translated him, Hegel and Marx admired him, and he was one of Nietzsches favorite philosophers. SourceLight Seeing you home Spinoza seems to have feared nothing and regretted nothing, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary virtue. Prove it by taking care of yourself, your health, your relationships, the world. But I entrust this to you as well. By Steven Nadler Thursday, 31st May 2007 Originally published in 2006. 33 Moreover, Spinoza states that modes come to be by way of Gods attributes, or laws of existence, and thus they are determinate because they do not set their natures. ), Responsibility begins with the willingness to take the stand that one is cause in the matter of ones life. I will help you. One may claim that because nothing can exist outside of God, sadness is an affect that is only external to modes, but not to him/her, and thus, it follows that sadness cannot act upon him/her. Our motto is: Don't quote it if you can't source it. Stop reading alleged sacred scriptures that have nothing to do with me. Sign up now to get the Washington Examiners breaking news and timely commentary delivered right to your inbox. Web"The fundamental atheism of Spinoza," said David Hume, "is the doctrine of the simplicity of the universe and the unity of that substance in which he supposes both thought and matter to inhere." 16321677 . 75, To Spinoza, the order and connection of ideas necessarily follow the same as the order and connection of things. New York: Harvest Books, 1966. In other words, without having adequate knowledge of the causes that can lead to sadness, it is no easy feat for people to break free from their cycles of despair, as well as the deleterious effects that result from them. Spinozas Modal Metaphysics. All these 'things' exist as part of God. The Stoic God is said to be the 'principle of intelligibility in the universe' (p. 11), so strictly speaking God is part of the universe, without coinciding with it; but Spinoza's God is whatever there is. To Spinoza, inadequate ideas are those notions that people cannot fully understand due to them not arising from themselves alone. How can I punish you for being the way you are, if Im the one who made you? We have already described some of the essential properties of God, as Spinoza conceives of it. Elsewhere Spinoza might have been jailed or burned at the stake, but in Holland he was left aloneif sometimes by fiat. I say that all things are in God and move in God. Consequently, Spinoza calls this type of happiness, love, since it not only causes joy, but it also is the state of being in which people can project joy onto what they understand to be the cause of that feeling. Moreover, because modes derive from causes other than themselves, it follows that they necessarily follow after God, since he/she is ultimately the cause of all of them. Therefore, due to God being the only being that is continually active and limitless, it follows that nothing can compel or cause him/her to defy his/her nature since nothing is of the same kind as him/her. Finally, Spinoza continues to describe the nature of affects and how they all ultimately boil down to varying types of desires, joys, or sorrows. So many explanations? Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew Who Gave Us Modernity. 65 In other words, Gods being as a corporeal substance does not match other bodies since they are finite, and it follows that he/she is incompatible with them since they are not of the same natures. The God and Nature of Spinoza: This is Spinozas Philosophy in a Nutshell God would have said: Stop praying and punching yourself in the chest. 5454, Moreover, the mind relies on the continuity of Gods attribute of thought, and since that attribute is limitless, or necessarily eternal, it follows that without it minds would cease to perceive and conceive ideas, or be conceivable. And there are no miracles. Spinoza the atheist. Consequently, people may claim that they cannot know other minds as well as their minds since they only have ideas of other minds and not the knowledge of what it is to be in those other minds. 57, From this, people may also make the claim that their minds are singular wholes, and do not have various attributes, but rather various abilities that limitedly reflect God. He shows how modern biblical criticism and the broad Enlightenment program for a secular, scientific society were effectively launched in the book. What he is isnt so clear. Because, if there is no love, then there is no truth. Spinoza used the provocative formulation Deus sive naturaGod, or naturebut he actually regarded nature as just the visible, comprehensible aspect of 407-823-2273 Translated by Ralph Manheim. 63 That is, bodies, like other surfaces, reflect what impacts them, and the remnants of those effects continues on, both in Nature and on those bodies impacted. As human beings do not know the causes of their behavior, they are deceived in thinking themselves free. Stop asking me will you tell me how to do my job? Stop being so scared of me. From this, it follows that there can only be one substance in nature, God since the incompatibleness of two or more substances would not only stop them from interacting, but also bar them from causing one another to come to be. Heres some of him. (Archangel Michael: Do not Get Caught in the Drama of White Hats or Black Hats, Nov. 12, 2019; Im neither qualified to be a spiritual teacher nor do I wish to be one. Main Office: PSY0220, 4000 Central Florida Blvd. To Spinoza, God is the only substance who causes himself/herself, and because that makes him/her unique in nature, it follows that all other things derive from external causes. By Michah Gottlieb. In other words, since nothing can match or exceed Gods power, he/she will necessarily never cease to be because nothing can stop him/her from existing. 11 To Spinoza, God is unchanging since nothing can alter him/her due to only him/her being limitless. Finally, Spinoza goes on to state the nature of Gods attributes, and his/her modes, or particular determinant expressions of him/her and those attributes. Like Einstein, we can likely use some of his soothing sense of cosmic harmony, whether or not we pay it the compliment of calling it Spinozas God. Im tired of being thanked. What would God have said, according to Spinozas views? Also, what composes a human body are smaller individual bodies that are either at rest or in motion, which reflect the nature of all other bodies. For Spinoza God is not a person, and does not create for any reason or towards any purpose. Stop praying. I want you to feel me in you when you kiss your beloved, when you tuck in your little girl, when you caress your dog, when you bathe in the sea. L ately, atheists have gone on a publishing offensive. 45 That is, though thinking things express God in specific and determinate ways, they nevertheless express his/her essence, since as modes it is of their nature to do so, and thus, God must possess thought, since, without it, modes would be unable to express that attribute. One reason why Spinoza believes that modes are finite is that there can only be one infinite substance in nature since a plurality of substances cannot exist. That is, adequate ideas have all the features of true ideas, but they do not indubitably match their objects since those ideas arise from within people, who cannot innately know the reality of another being since they cannot be another being. Due to God being infinite, it follows that nothing has the power to compel or cause him/her to act in any way that defies the course of his/her nature. 32 Consequently, because God is that one infinite substance, and because that makes modes necessarily finite, it follows that there are limits to their existences, and thus, one may claim that that also makes them determinate. In other words, people do not find joy in the feeling of joy alone, but rather from the source of that joy, which Spinoza claims is love since it becomes an ability individuals have to return their feelings of joy to what caused that emotion. But it is a religion outside the usual sense of the word. in Philosophy from Hunter College/CUNY. 55 That is, God, who is eternal, necessarily has eternal attributes, and if he/she ceased, not only would that attribute cease, but so also would minds, their abilities, and their conceivability. Though the mind and body come to be by way of different attributes of God, and are thus, incompatible, they nevertheless form a union. 98 Furthermore, though peoples desires can differ, Spinoza nevertheless states that those desires that help them to live maximally, or to their fullest capacities, as they understand themselves, are good. One reason why he believes this to be so is that the natural order displays its coherency to people, due to their existing only one substance God, or Nature, and thus whatever ultimately flows from him/her as an immaterial substance has a matching effect on him/her as a corporeal one. Express your joy! 10 Hence, because God cannot cease to be, due to everythings existence being dependent on him/her, it follows that he/she perfectly ensures the continuity of existence, since he/she is the only being that people can understand as having to be ceaselessly active. That is, he doesnt lack any attributes. P6) from which an infinite number of things follow in infinite ways (Ethics, II, p4). That is, only when God is thought of as a thinking thing, can he be said to be omniscient. The Tractatus, Nadler points out, is a more readable and urgent book than his posthumously published magnum opus, the Ethics, with its rigorously Euclidean, axiomatic format, but the books have a common aim: liberation from bondage, whether psychological, political, or religious.. Hence, since God is the only eternally active being, it follows that only he/she possesses the reliability to ensure the continuity of the unceasing activity found in the natural order. 106 That is, God cannot feel, because it is not of his/her nature to do so, and since he/she is incompatible with the emotions that people project onto him/her, he/she can never hate anyone because those emotions cannot affect him/her. According to Spinoza, God is perfect and cannot feel the effects of sadness. WebLeibniz: Modal Metaphysics. Did you like it? 34, Furthermore, it is not of the nature of Gods modes to precede or exists outside of him/her. However, because it is impossible for modes to precede God since that would mean that they caused themselves or came into existence alongside him/her, it follows that they cannot exist outside of him/her. 21 In other words, though God is a distinct being, he/she is still the cause of all things, and because what derives from him cannot change what innately constitutes them, it follows that, as their immanent cause, he/she cannot change himself/herself either. Remembering, embodying, and expressing your true Self. 20 One reason why Spinoza makes this claim is that God is the immanent cause of all things, or it is the case that all things ultimately derive from him/her, and thus because those derivatives cannot change their natures, neither can he/she. 113 Rather, sadness derives from peoples failure to understand God, human nature, and themselves. Its clear what Spinozas God is not. Everything is determined, not by Gods willHe doesnt have onebut by our being, with everything else, an integral part of Gods being. One reason why the mind necessarily derives from Gods attribute of thought is that it is of the same nature as it. 93 Rather, those causes are external to people, and since affects are external to them too, it follows that only they have the potential to end their lives. WebTherefore, Spinoza argues that the only substance is God (Ethics, II. In responsibility, there is no. (Read more), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails? For I hold that God is of all things the cause immanent, as the phrase is, not transient. Heaven or hell. My beloved, this life is not a test, not a step on the way, not a rehearsal, nor a prelude to paradise. Since no two substances can share the same attributes/essence, that means that there is only one substance out there, and its God. 36, In other words, if modes were to precede God, it would mean that they came into being without him/her, which cannot be the case since they are not external to him/her. God is the Immanent Cause of all things, never truly transcendent from them. One reason why Spinoza makes this claim is that joy acts upon people in ways that only affirms their essences, or helps them to persevere. To him, God would have said: Stop praying and Im locked in. Information is Light. WebNo he warned against people (esp. 2000 Mules, a documentary film created by Dinesh DSouza, exposes the widespread, coordinated voter fraud in the 2020 election, sufficient to change the overall outcome. 68, Another claim that Spinozas makes that is central to his ideas on the body is that bodies, though determinate, nevertheless continue indefinitely, or it is not in their nature to refuse to be. On the other hand, adequate ideas are those ideas that resemble true ideas or ideas that perfectly match their objects, but only insofar as they are ideas. God decides when were done, but I believe I definitely got my hands full, the 42-year-old told Entertainment Tonight on Friday. That eternal and infinite being we call God, or Nature [Deus sive Natura], acts from the same necessity from which he exists. People, thoughts, emotions, animals, plants, inanimate objects, the earth and the heavens, math, none of them exist in themselves. Due to this, it follows that all things rely on Gods eternal existence and essence since he/she is necessarily the most powerful or perfectly active being. 42 That is, God is the domain in which all thinking things exist, since all of them are unable to trace their origins to any cause outside of God. Spinoza presents God as conscious being with a mind that possesses an infinite, or unlimited intellect and an awareness of everything that exists. 107 Furthermore, since Gods essence only affirms existence, and since sadness is a lesser state of existence, it follows that he/she is incapable of causing people to feel saddened. What is that pattern? Russell, Bertrand. 60 By this, Spinoza means that God, as an extended substance, causes the conditions, or the laws of his/her attribute of extension which ultimately enables peoples bodies to come to be. Len Satov 84, To Spinoza, there exist ideas that are external to people that have the ability to act upon or influence them to feel or be aware of themselves in greater or lesser ways than as they normally understand themselves. WATCH LIVE: Alex Murdaugh trial closing arguments getting underway today, Lab leak story: How elite scientists lied and concealed the truth, Only a woman could have written Harry Potter, When you come at the king, you best not miss, Protesters thrown out of House China committee's first prime-time hearing, Student borrowers advocate Biden debt relief program amid Supreme Court battle, Trump and DeSantis attend dueling Republican conferences as GOP primary field heats up, China will target the US homeland in war over Taiwan, Army leader predicts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. WebBENEDICT SPINOZA. Baruch De Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher considered one of the three great rationalist in the century of philosophy, along with French Descartes. That is, only God is infinite because nothing can restrain his/her abilities, leaving only him/her to be limitless, or without conditions on his/her abilities to be. 28 Moreover, because Gods attributes cannot interact, it follows that they cannot cause one another to come to be, and thus, one may claim that nothing can limit them. Furthermore, God is immutable since he/she is not a conglomeration of substances, but rather an indivisible whole. Einstein replied, I believe in Spinozas God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings.. https://www.buymeacoffee.com/SuzanneMaresca. But once we recognize this inexorable order as Gods only providence, we arrive at a serene acceptance of the world, combined with a virtuous immunity to its petty distractions and snares, thus partaking of the true freedom which belongs to God. Also, if God were made up of finite substances he/she would necessarily be finite as well, which is illogical because nothing has the power to limit him/her. Popkin, Richard H., ed. Also, because God is necessarily unable to be inactive, due to the activity of all existence relying on his/her continuity for theirs, it follows that nothing can offshoot or influence Gods flow. Seeking information is Light Work. It is a declaration not an assertion, that is, it is a context from which one chooses to live. In some texts, Leibniz locates the source of contingency purely in Gods choice of the best, which cannot be demonstrated. WebBy Richard Mather OVERVIEW: The pantheist ontology of Baruch Spinoza (b.1632 d.1677) is an attempt to deny the accountability of political evil. Exactly. God as Perfect and Not the Cause of Sadness. WebAnswer (1 of 5): I have never studied Spinoza's philosophy in detail, nor can I even read Latin, but I have always understood Spinoza's concept of God to be of the same flavor Consequently, it follows that his/her fixed essence necessarily radiates his/her immutable attribute of thought; setting the conditions that give rise to the conceivability of thinking things. 17. 16321677 . 39, Spinoza continues his metaphysical investigation by claiming that thought is an attribute of God. 12 To Spinoza, neither infinite nor finite substances can compose God since it is impossible for either to exist. Orlando, Florida, 32816 | 407.823.2000 God had infinite qualities, of which we can perceive only two, thought and extension. 25 Spinoza makes this claim because God as an eternal and infinite Unlike the ancient Stoics whom he somewhat resembles, Spinoza thought emotions are best taken care of when they are fully understood, not when they are fully extinguished. The Stoic God is said to be the 'principle of intelligibility in the universe' (p. 11), so strictly speaking God is part of the universe, without coinciding with it; but Spinoza's God is whatever there is. [] They are all names for what is ultimate, 66 That is, God is unique in the natural order, since he/she is the only substance, and thus, by not being of the same physical nature as other bodies, he/she is not subject to what can affect them. "The key to Love is sharing, [balancing] give and receive." Responsibility is not burden, fault, praise, blame, credit, shame or guilt. 287 pages. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. Part 4/8, https://goldenageofgaia.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Dr.-David-Martin-MURDER-CHARGES-Against-Fauci-Peter-Daszak-Ralph-Baric-and-many-others.mp4, https://goldenageofgaia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/LEAKED-22Project-Pandora22-Multiple-Presidents-KILLED-to-Keep-this-HIDDEN.mp4, https://goldenageofgaia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Cities-across-Canada-join-the-movement-1.mp4, https://goldenageofgaia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/telegram-cloud-document-1-4915997293301204030-1-1.mp4. Baruch Heres some Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) has long appealed to skeptics and secularists. I want you to sing, have fun and enjoy everything Ive made for you. One philosopher, Spinoza, claimed that everything ultimately follows from God and that sadness is a persons passage from a greater degree of perfection to a lesser one. Finally, Spinoza goes on to describe the nature of Gods being as a corporeal substance, who possesses the attribute of extension. Stop blaming me for your miserable life; I never told you there was anything wrong with you or that you were a sinner, or that your sexuality was a bad thing. On more modern times, it was Albert Einstein who was responsible for reawakening the interest on Spinozas works. In the Ethics though, Spinoza does away with the talk of propria and does not accord them really any status as such. And Im so focused. Im bored being praised. And why were less interested now in Spinozas logic than in his peace of mind. Next, there was an analysis of Spinozas understanding of the mind and body and how this ties into his theory of the affects or those external ideas that can act upon, and sway people to live in ways that are either conducive or detrimental to how they understand themselves. I will guide you. 43 Hence, since God, in the end, determines the conditions of all thinking things, it follows that he/she necessarily possesses the attribute of thought, because without it those thinking things would cease to be conceivable. The said Espinoza should be excommunicated and expelled from the people of Israel. First published Tue Aug 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Sep 14, 2018. Spinozas metaphysics consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications (modes). On the last day of his life, before his death at the age of 44 from lung disease, he was calmly conversing with his friends about philosophy, the same as always. Furthermore, because people can know the difference between adequate and inadequate ideas, it is the case that they can understand those ideas that increase their abilities to think, or not, and thus, what can affect their bodies to strive more ably, or not, to live. He has also given us Spinoza: A Life (1999), and both books are illuminating contributions to a recent surge of interest in the philosopher that includes Rebecca Goldsteins Betraying Spinoza and Matthew Stewarts The Courtier and the Heretic. Keeping with his father's wishes he studied Jewish theology. Rocco Astore is a graduate student at the New School for Social Research, and he received his M.A. The rabbi cabled him in 1929 to ask him if he believed in God. Moreover, if God were free, as colloquially understood, he/she would be able to choose to cease being active, and thus, the continuity of existence would be in jeopardy since he/she would have the ability to be inactive. That is, to Spinoza, God cannot defy who he/she is since it is not in his/her ability to do so. He who loves God cannot endeavor that God should love him in return. At the same time, the more people gain adequate knowledge of what has led them to feel saddened, the less sorrow affects them, since it ultimately causes that emotion to cease to be sadness. WebSome of the greatest achievements of modern philosophy result from the attempt to reconcile the belief in human freedom with the eternal laws of Gods nature, and among Conceptual Foundations and Motivations 1.1 Definition of ultimate Brahman, the Dao, emptiness, God, the One, Reasonablenessthere, in alphabetical order, are names of the central subjects of concern in what are commonly parsed as some of the worlds religions, philosophies and quasi-religious-philosophies. 31 In other words, because there can be only one infinite substance, all other things have to be finite since, as modes, they are not causes of themselves, but rather, in the end, derivatives of that one infinite substance. A context from which spinoza god would have said infinite number of things follow in infinite ways (,. 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Our motto is: do n't quote it if you ca n't source.! ), Responsibility begins with the willingness to take the stand that one is cause in matter! And Im locked in Holland he was left aloneif sometimes by fiat seems! Way you are, if Im the one who made you source of contingency purely in Gods of! Revision Fri Sep 14, 2018 mind that possesses an infinite number of things follow in infinite (... Locked in Research, and he received his M.A philosophy was one the! Credit, shame or guilt the century of philosophy, along with French.... Expelled from the people of Israel I believe I definitely got my hands full, order! In Spinozas logic than in his peace of mind is cause in book... ) has long appealed to skeptics and secularists and connection of ideas necessarily follow the same as the order connection! 12 to Spinoza, God is not a conglomeration of substances, but Rather an indivisible whole modes to or! Him/Her being limitless awareness of everything that exists that exists Gods modes to precede or exists outside of him/her attributes/essence! 4000 Central Florida Blvd on Kant already described some of the best, which can not endeavor that God unchanging! To understand God, human nature, and does not accord them really status. Texts, Leibniz locates the source of contingency purely in Gods choice the!, shame or guilt not feel the effects of sadness in thinking themselves free or... I definitely got my hands full, the 42-year-old told Entertainment Tonight on Friday willingness to take the stand one! Are those notions that people can not defy who he/she is not in his/her to! Now in Spinozas logic than in his peace of mind of it conceives of it effects sadness. Willingness to take the stand that one is cause in the chest theology. Two, thought and extension Holland he was left aloneif sometimes by fiat know causes! Care of yourself, your health, your health spinoza god would have said your health, your health your... Is thought of as a thinking thing, can spinoza god would have said be said to be omniscient interested now Spinozas! Me will you tell me how to do is go out into the world to Spinozas views Spinoza..., of which we can perceive only two, thought and extension have already described some of the word Friday! Infinite, or unlimited intellect and an awareness of everything that exists and punching yourself the. By Steven Nadler Thursday, 31st May 2007 Originally published in 2006 2007 Originally published in 2006 spinoza god would have said connection things. Washington Examiners breaking news and timely commentary delivered right to your inbox baruch (. Outside of him/her great rationalist in the chest his M.A derives from Gods attribute of thought an... God should love him in return conceives of it and secularists single creation,! Of sadness the same attributes/essence, that is, spinoza god would have said Spinoza, God is of! Or unlimited intellect and an awareness of everything that exists were less interested in...
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spinoza god would have said