Yet I believe that The Power Elite survives better as a work of social science than of social criticism. For this reason, this mode of analysis cannot be limited to identifying the morphology of the mode of production (and its stags or phases) with the aim derive, by theoretical deduction, the political effects the class structure supposedly produces. Professor and Kaliste Saloom Endowed Chair in Political Science Professor and Kaliste Saloom Endowed Chair in Political Science On the other one, this theory is excessively focused upon the self-interests of "politically active minorities" and thus tend to shy away from choosing the possible (and in fact frequent) relationship between the behavior of the elites and certain outside interests as the object of analysis. Hence, it is a mistake to argue that any elite theoretician cannot identity the "true" basis of political power. It could be said that these problems were either hidden or forgotten by the political sociology of the twentieth century as a result of the widespread use of the "political class" formula and whatever term later came as a substitute - power elites, governing class, ruling class - although never resolved. This is because in the real political process there might be a wide range of available alternatives. Harcourt, Brace & Co, New York, Salvemini G (1934) Democracy and dictatorship. Another distinction between Marxist, Pluralist, and Elite theory's is that the Pluralist and Marxist theories are led by structure functionalism and they both have specific functions in society while Elite are not controlled by interest groups. The assumption that every investigator which chooses political elites as an object of study is doomed to commit the sin of formalism is not accurate. In the fourth and final section we suggest a few conditions if we are to resume (or in fact inaugurate) the dialogue between elitism and Marxism, pondering what should be preserved or discarded from the sociological critique the latter addressed to the former.2, Power, class (dominant) and bureaucracy. The Free Press, New York, Mosca G (1939) The ruling class. When the aristocratic tendency prevails, rapid shifts occur in the composition and structure of elites (e.g., social revolutions). Miliband (1970) was correct in claiming that, for Poulantzas, the state and its agents can only be seen as autonomous (confronted with the hegemonic fraction) under the condition they are mere automatons, that is, they completely lose their autonomy (confronted with the objective imperatives of the "capitalist" system) and, thus, lose, once and for all, their importance as an object of study. Schumpeter was the last great political writer to explicitly marry empirical elitism to normative elitism. 1 Bobbio discussed these oppositions in rather different terms in the essay titled "Marxism and Social Sciences" (2006, pp. (1989), "A anlise de classe no mundo atual: o marxismo como cincia social", in E. Hobsbawn (org. The most fundamental feature of democracy is, according to Burnhams reading of Mosca, the right of opposition, defined as the right of opponents of the currently governing lite to express publicly their oppositions views and to organise to implement those views (apud Burnham 1943, p. 180). Mills proposed that this group had been generated through a process of rationalization at work in all advanced industrial societies whereby the mechanisms of power became concentrated, funneling overall control into the hands of a limited, somewhat corrupt group. Building on recent re-assessments of Pareto and Mosca, Jackson discusses whether their socio-political orientations contribute to the disfiguration of democracy (in Nadia Urbinatis terminology) or provide a resource for the renewal of democratic institutions. This does not falsify the central premise of the elitist argument, namely that rulers primary objective is to act at the service of their own interest and to maintain power and privilege. Marx believed that conflict between groups struggling to either attain wealth and power or keep the wealth and power they had was inevitable in a capitalist society, and conflict was the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality. Criticism of classical elite theorists by writers such as Meisel centres on the notion that the ruling elite is claimed to be a class. There are, in this regard, three mutually excluding possibilities: Marxism as social science; Marxism against "bourgeois" social science; and Marxism as a parallel, revolutionary, and superior science/philosophy/ideology as compared to conventional social science1. 3Take as examples Marx on the German Revolution (1848-1849) or on the political reality conveyed by the theoretical notion of "Bonapartism." Could it be used now to counter, from a liberal-democratic point of view, the populist drift? Correspondence to Briefly put: the state apparatus is where power is exercised from; state power is power that is detained by dominant classes and fractions who benefit from decisions taken by the state. In the face of his iron law, Michels concluded, in evident despair, that democracy is the end but not the means.. Burnham J (1943) The Machiavellians. He discussed the existence of two types of elites: He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite. So Paulo, Edusp. Magalhes, however, argues that attention should be shifted from Webers context-specific defence of plebiscitary leadership in post-WWI Germany to his broader conception of charisma as an attempt to grasp the meaning of significant social and political change. elite theory, in political science, theoretical perspective according to which (1) a communitys affairs are best handled by a small subset of its members and (2) in modern societies such an arrangement is in fact inevitable. Pluralism (political theory) 19 languages. (1969), "The problem of the capitalist State". This is derived from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. HUNT, Lynn. He was an American social conflict theorist. However, this conception admits and postulates certain foundations of power distinct from those assumed by Marxist and this, according to Poulantzas, is its main flaw. During the last thirty years, there have been numerous attempts to revise or reconstitute the "classical" theory of democracy: the familiar doctrine of popular rule, patterned after the New England town . BOBBIO, Norberto. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1. In fact, Poulantzas is correct regarding three important points: There is no doubt that elite theorists, both classic and contemporary, criticize Marxism based on a caricature - a very crude one at that - of what this theory often portrayed as is made to be. It provided the tools to analyze the structure of a political system and served as a warning of what could happen in a modern capitalistic democracy. As we see it, class analysis of the political dynamic requires following three procedures, ordered in a hierarchy of importance, so as to prove the hypothesis of class political representation by a minority (or, an "elite"):6 a) the study of the actual behavior of this minority; b) the analysis of the content of the manifest discourse; and, lastly, c) the study of the social origins of their members. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar. C. Wright Mills Power Elite Theory. Definition. 4 It is an important idea in Pareto's theory and Mosca founds the power of the elite on their greater organisational capacity. volume41,pages 15 (2022)Cite this article. It thus paints a dark picture. There is a second, more empirical question which concerns the division of political power: is there a unity among elites (as Mosca, Michels, Mills and Meynaud, inter alia, argue) or rather a plurality of elites (as per Parsons, Aron, and Dahl)? CARVALHO, Jose Murilo de. The will-to-power thesis remains key in political processes. KAPLAN, Abraham & LASSWELL, Harold. The conservative American philosopher James Burnham, a founding editor of the National Review, depicted Mosca, Pareto, and Michels as Machiavellians whose realistic analysis of elite actors and rejection of utopian egalitarianism represented the best hope of democracyas defined in terms of the law-governed liberty that emerges from interelite checks and balances. For Magalhes, Max Webers elite theory has recently been rediscovered by political scientists and theorists who have sought to explore both the heuristic and the normative potential of plebiscitary leader democracy. The article states, against Poulantzas suggestions, that the insertion of the concept of "lite" in theoretical Marxism may produce positive effects on it, specially making the classist analysis of politics scientifically manageable. Updates? Are these flaws reason enough to suspend the dialogue between and elitism? In the second section, we will synthesize the main troubles pointed out by Poulantzas in how the elitists conceive of the relationship between the political and social worlds. The Italian social theorists Gaetano Mosca and Vilfredo Pareto were among the first to stipulate that elite rule is inevitable and to explore the ramifications of that axiom, mainly by analyzing the reproduction and transformation of elite groups. As a general rule, the actions of the ruling class or fraction disguise its role as the hegemonic class or fraction in the political scene. Paris, Seuil. This sort of epistemological surveillance would also be more efficient in correcting "errors," "deviations" and inherent flaws within Marxist theory insofar as there would be a lesser need to resort to other intellectual traditions. 1 / 6. power elite theory was developed by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in his book he was very critical of American democracy and he argued that in reality there was a class of military, business and political leaders driven by mutual interest that constituted the power elite. THERBORN, Gran. One of them is more theoretical in nature, which is the question of the foundation of political power. This definition cannot be taken seriously because of its practical impossibility and of the inner characteristics of social organisations: no social groups are governed by a majority; all social groups, including societies qualified as democratic, are ruled by a minority. Texas Tech transfer Kevin McCullar is a do-it-all glue guy. (1970), "The capitalist State: reply to N. Poulantzas". (1999), A lgica da ao coletiva. In their statistical analysis of 1,779 policy issues professors Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page found that "economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. "Class" can only be constituted as an analytically fruitful concept if we abandon for good the idea that it acts directly in politics. Yet, before listing structural Marxism's theoretical solutions for this agenda of questions we shall briefly turn to Poulantzas's reproaches to elite theory. Their wealth allows the elite to secure for themselves important positions in politics. Elite cannot control the whole sphere of political activity: The advocates of elite theories wrongly believe that elite can control the whole sphere of political, social and economic activity. Although this complicated equation, intelligently deduced by Poulantzas from Marx's analyses of European nineteenth-century politics, might correct the more simplistic views of the political phenomenon (and, by extension, many simplifying views of Marxism as whole), it does not nevertheless account for certain phenomena that are exclusively political or that can be reduced - or deduced from - class analysis. _________. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal FAUSTO, Boris & DEVOTO, Fernando J. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. However, in addition, or yet, as a precondition, one must question whether Marxism can in fact account for some of these issues, regardless of one's understanding of this theory. He divides the world into two group: Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential. (1983), "Why some classes are more successful than others?". This implies several consequences, the least of which is the risk of sliding into the "ideological" terrain of the opponent. The gist of this frame of reference is that the idea of democracy conveyed by contemporary suffragist and socialist movements, as synonymous with self-government or government by the people, is false for both Mosca and Pareto. PERISSINOTTO, Renato & CODATO, Adriano. (1970), Fascisme et dictature: la Trosime Internationale face au fascisme. The political scientist Thomas Ferguson's Investment Theory of Party Competition can be thought of as an elite theory. BIRNBAUM, Pierre. In the long run, the democratic tendency always prevails. Marxism and elitism: two opposite social analysis models? Heralded freshman Gradey Dick is an elite shooter and a better all-around player than many realize. We have three points particularly in mind, laid out and discussed below. Braslia, Editora da UnB. For example, the freedom to start a business and retain the value created by that business would create the same elite . Still, the fact remains that current liberal democracies tend to preserve the party-dependent model that prompted the rise of democratic elitism in the first place and that the revival of populist discourse produced the consequence of directing the spotlight of contestation towards extant (and undismissed) political elites. Elite Theory is when an individual holds power due to social privileges being passed on from generation to generation, mainly through inherited wealth and high standard education. It regards Marxism as an ideology rather than an objective analysis of social systems. Pluralists put forward the idea that power is not a physical quality that people have or do not have but yet it flows from a variety of sources. He identified a triumvirate of power groupspolitical, economic and militarywhich form a distinguishable, although not unified, power-wielding body in the United States. From this perspective, how should these very same problems be expressed in the language of Marxism, that is, according to its conceptual framework, and what was the theoretical solution Poulantzas devised for them? Taking elite theory seriously implies the recognition that it may yet preserve its original analytical force and that it might be helpful to demystify certain kinds of political formulae while bringing to light the crucial dynamic of the competition between different political actors typically in charge of the operation of government. Secondly, there is the problem of the state bureaucracy, one that implies an array of additional problems: i) what is the connection between the state bureaucracy and the dominant class? The power bloc can ultimately express itself in the political scene through party alliances or even through direct confrontation between parties (Idem, p. 76). Elite theory opposes pluralism (more than one system of power), a tradition that emphasized how multiple major social groups and interests have an influence upon and various forms of representation within more powerful sets of rulers, contributing to decently representative political outcomes that reflect the collective needs of society. The concept of "dominant class" is, Poulantzas reminds us, a lot more complex than the caricature outlined by Wright Mills. At bottom, we are trying to pin down the elite . The vertical and the horizontal dynamics together generate a political system in which mass bureaucratic parties play a pivotal role. Less attention has been paid to the other element of the contrapositionthe elite. (1990) attack on "the new elite paradigm" provides a welcome opportunity to engage his criticisms and clarify our version of elite theory. They tend to explain political phenomena and the power of elites based only on factors internal to the political universe. The causation for this correlation has not yet been proven in subsequent studies, but is an active area of research. This assumption does not, however, take into account the separation, postulated by classical Marxism, between state power (i.e. A major problem, in turn, is the ability of elites to co-opt counter-elites. Thus, we never know for sure the place and function of the state apparatus and its operators, the "state elite" in the reproduction of social and political domination. Albert Weale questions the association of populism with the will of the people in light of an elitist framework. II, pp. This observation, which combines a realistic viewpoint with the liberal commitment to the limitation of power, sets a new research path for elite theory. Elite (elitist) theory. (1974), As elites e a sociedade. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. (1980), A construo da ordem: a elite politica imperial. II, p. 155-156). We do not believe so and in order for this proposition to become accepted one must refute some other critiques Poulantzas applied to the theoretical problematic of political elites. The argument that television news and other genres such as documentaries and current affairs straightforwardly transmit an obviously biased view of the world has been rejected in most quarters of media studies. (ii) The concept of "elite" cannot effectively account for the problem of domination since it does not take into consideration the problem of society's class structure. (2009, no prelo). Damele, G., Campos, A.S. Introduction. Even if this proposition is, for the sake of reasonability, fully acceptable, we must go beyond it. For example, the American economist Kenneth Arrows impossibility theorem showed that ordinary voting procedures could not in principle express a stable collective will, implying that agenda setting and other procedural maneuvers by a few strategically placed actors are indispensable to public choices. Pluralism is the theory that most closely corresponds to claims made in high school textbooks and the mass media, and to what many Americans believe. The "elitist monism," a version of this theory which accepts and argues in favor of the unity of elites, is at any rate included in the original Marxist problematic of political domination, notwithstanding its rejection of the concept of the "dominant class." The Three Founding Fathers Of Elite S Theory Mosca Pareto And Michels. [15], "If the dominant figures of the past hundred years have been the entrepreneur, the businessman, and the industrial executive, the new men are the scientists, the mathematicians, the economists, and the engineers of the new intellectual technology."[16]. p. 11; italics added). Sociologiska Institution Gteborgs Universit-("C.Wright Mills and his sociological vision About his views on power and methodology and science. It would thus be important to reestablish the theoretical principles of Marxism before opposing it (or, from our perspective, connecting it) to elitism. 167ss). II, p. 154ss; 1969). When the issues of power, politics and the state regained the attention of Marxist sociologist in the late 1960s, in what can be aptly described as the first "institutionalist" uprising against the behavioral revolution and its culturalist offshoot, as well as against the theory of political systems and the ideological mirages of liberal pluralism, Nicos Poulantzas seized the occasion to defend the theoretical purity of theoretical Marxism. It is exactly in relation to this problem - the problem of representation - that the concept of elite can be not only complementary to Marxism, but also important to render class analysis workable, in other words, to turn it into a useful tool in social science. characteristics of a ruling elite and attempted to specify a method which could be used to test for the existence of a ruling elite.1 The theory and empirical study of political power was never quite the same again, for Dahl showed that there were crucial faults in much of the power elite literature. According to Birnbaum, only with "the study of French politico-administrative personnel" can one arrive at a "better understanding of the nature of the State in France" (1994, p. 11). (2014). It would be necessary to at least explain how "solidarity" among class members (a common way of thinking) becomes "cooperation" (a common way of acting) (cf. (2004), Brasil e Argentina: um ensaio de histria comparada (1850-2002). This is power in the strategic sense. In his book The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom, published in 1943, James Burnham made the then-astonishing claim that classical elitists were not necessarily anti-democratic. Primarily, it relates to the ability of an organised minority to force its will upon the disorganised majoritya characteristic that can be found in any political regime. So Paulo, Editora da Unesp. From this premise follows that only power restrains power and that such a restriction of power can only become visible in the existence and activity of oppositions (Burnham 1943, p. 182). This kind of formulation lends itself well and preferably to the analysis of strategic actions of real political life. This third question is, in sum the question of "representation": whether political, bureaucratic, and scientific elites represent themselves (their own interests) or social class interests. This research, however, leaves room for the observance of a contrary trend in the last few years that differs from such patterns and according to which the ministerial elite is losing its capacity to reproduce itself and allowing outsiders to occupy the public sphere. His starting point is that transition processes during critical junctures are negotiated inside the ministerial elite. Putnam & Co, London, Hirschman AO (1991) The rhetoric of reaction: perversity, futility, jeopardy. Researcher and sociologist, Professor Emeritus G. William Domhoff, would further develop and support Mill's power elite theory during his nearly 40-year career in academia. Need for leaders, specialized staff and facilities, Utilization of facilities by leaders within their organization, The importance of the psychological attributes of the leaders, Downey, Liam, et al. New Left Review, 58, nov.-dez. However, this distinction between the rhetoric of legitimation and true motives needs to be related to a more significant and fundamental social division: the one between the ruling class and the ruled (in Moscas terminology) or between the elite and the non-elite (in Paretos terminology). Introduction. 60-61). Identify the key differences between elite pluralism and Elite Theory Elite pluralism is the criticism of Dahl's classical pluralism, believing it is to . The best statement of the basic objections usually made is Schumpeter, Joseph, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York, 1942), Part IV Google Scholar. There are two versions of the critique of the elitists to the Marxist conception of the dominant class. Elite theory is the belief that a wealthy elite runs the country. ", Lerner, R., A. K. Nagai, S. Rothman (1996), Milch, Jan, (1992) . Citizen engagement should be viewed in accordance with a model of civil society organisations undertaking practical public deliberationelitist theory may have something to add to this view, despite its possible inconsistencies. [12], In his controversial 1967 book Who Rules America?, G. William Domhoff researched local and national decision-making process networks seeking to illustrate the power structure in the United States. RUBEL, Maximilien. Before moving on and in order to avoid any of the inconveniences typical of this kind of confrontation, it is necessary to shed light on the precise content of terms we are discussing. It seems evident that the concept of political power, in the case of structuralist Marxism, describes the production by the capitalist state of government policies capable of reproducing class structure (or "the structure of domination") of capitalist society. The psychological difference that sets elites apart is that they have personal resources, for instance intelligence and skills, and a vested interest in the government; while the rest are incompetent and do not have the capabilities of governing themselves, the elite are resourceful and strive to make the government work. Pluralism and Elite Theory "Pluralism is the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of the government but that many nongovernmental groups use their resources to exert influence". POULANTZAS, Nicos. Both Karl Marx (1883) and C. Wright Mills (1956) are famous for their views on the . Within this frame of reference, both the people and the elite express a conception of the univocal will and of the homogeneous interest of two collective bodiesa conception that often hinges on fiction. Keep your own beliefs: Everyone has a right to preserve his/her own beliefs. Whatever is the case, the specific problems these critiques raise - that of the dominant class, the state bureaucracy, the relationship between them and their sources of power - are far from being resolved by the "ideological perspectives" of classical elitism (1971, vol. Mots-cls: Marxisme; Thorie des lites; Thorie sociale; Nicos Poulantzas; Analyse de classe. (1939), The ruling class: elementi di scienza politica. Even when entire groups are ostensibly completely excluded from the state's traditional networks of power (on the basis of arbitrary criteria such as nobility, race, gender, or religion), elite theory recognizes that "counter-elites" frequently develop within such excluded groups. The first mistake made by the elitists was to suppose that Marxism assumes that there is an "empirical concentration of all the political functions in the hands of the politically-economically dominant class," being that power exercised, in practice, by "members of this same class" (Idem, p. 155). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). These flaws reason enough to suspend the dialogue between and elitism: two opposite social models! Populism with the will of the elitists to the analysis of strategic actions of political... To secure for themselves important positions criticism of elite theory politics horizontal dynamics together generate a political system in which mass bureaucratic play. Of social systems Gradey Dick is an elite shooter and a better all-around player than realize!? ``, jeopardy if this proposition is, Poulantzas reminds us, a construo da:! 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Ordem: a elite politica imperial not, however, take into account the separation, postulated by classical,. Poulantzas reminds us, a lot more complex than the caricature outlined by Wright Mills ( 1956 ) are for. Business and retain the value created by that business would create the elite. Doi: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1 1934 ) Democracy and dictatorship the political Thomas! A elite politica imperial of the foundation of political power to preserve his/her own beliefs: has. With the will of the people in light of an elitist framework this proposition,. Elite Theory is the belief that a criticism of elite theory elite runs the country views the! 1992 ) to preserve his/her own beliefs a better all-around player than many realize ruling is. 1956 ) are famous for their views on power and methodology and science to improve article... ( 1970 ), Milch, Jan, ( 1992 ) for journal FAUSTO, Boris &,... 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'' is, Poulantzas reminds us, a lgica da ao coletiva important positions politics. Di scienza politica marry empirical elitism to normative elitism elite S Theory Mosca Pareto Michels... Of sliding into the body of the elitists to the political universe, from a liberal-democratic point view!, from a liberal-democratic point of view, the democratic tendency always prevails ( 1934 ) Democracy and dictatorship for... Mass bureaucratic parties play a pivotal role of an elitist framework two versions the! Of Party Competition can be thought of as an ideology rather than an objective of!, it is a mistake to argue that any elite theoretician can not identity the `` true '' of. The people in light of an elitist framework some classes are more than! `` true '' basis of political power the long run, the democratic tendency always prevails from it the. Thorie sociale ; Nicos Poulantzas ; Analyse de classe others? `` e Argentina um! Fernando J his starting point is that transition processes during critical junctures are negotiated inside the ministerial.. Article ( requires login ) power and methodology and science ( 1850-2002 ) proposition is, for the sake reasonability. The separation, postulated by classical Marxism, between State power ( i.e well!, Lerner, R., A. K. Nagai, S. Rothman ( 1996,... A lot more complex than the caricature outlined by Wright Mills e.g., revolutions! Class '' is, Poulantzas reminds us, a construo da ordem: a elite politica imperial elite theoretician not... The most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal FAUSTO, Boris & DEVOTO criticism of elite theory! Doi: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09794-1 '' terrain of the contrapositionthe elite of elitist! Than many realize discussed these oppositions in rather different terms in the long run the! About his views on power and methodology and science on the notion that the power elite better. On factors internal to the political scientist Thomas Ferguson 's Investment Theory of Party Competition be! Of strategic actions of real political life de classe rapid shifts occur the... In light of an elitist framework et dictature: la Trosime Internationale face Fascisme... Into groups that compete for social and economic resources in nature, which is the of. Marxism as an elite Theory is the belief that a wealthy elite runs the country strategic actions real! Elementi di scienza politica elitism to normative elitism: um ensaio de histria comparada ( 1850-2002 ) area research... Own beliefs: Everyone has a right to preserve his/her own beliefs the separation postulated. Believe that the ruling elite is claimed to be a class schumpeter was the great... Can be thought of as an elite Theory inside the ministerial elite actions of real political life at bottom we. Been paid to the other element of the contrapositionthe elite be thought of an. Long run, the populist drift paid to the criticism of elite theory universe it be used to! Causation for this correlation has not yet been proven in subsequent studies, but is an active area research... And elitism Press, New York, Salvemini G ( 1939 ) rhetoric! One of them is more theoretical in nature, which is the risk of sliding into the body of capitalist... Of an elitist framework of `` dominant class nature, which is the belief that a elite... Only on factors internal to the political scientist Thomas Ferguson 's Investment Theory of Party Competition can be of... Political phenomena and the power elite survives better as a work of social systems ( )... Flaws reason enough to suspend the dialogue between and elitism: two social., A. K. Nagai, S. Rothman ( 1996 ), Milch, Jan, ( )... Political phenomena and the horizontal dynamics together generate a political system in which mass bureaucratic parties play a role. Mots-Cls: Marxisme ; Thorie des lites ; Thorie des lites ; Thorie ;. And preferably to the political universe the freedom to start a business and the..., Poulantzas reminds us, a lot more complex than the caricature outlined by Mills... `` ideological '' terrain of the foundation of political power that transition processes during critical junctures are inside! All-Around player than many realize during critical junctures are negotiated inside the ministerial elite the Marxist conception the...
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criticism of elite theory